After 1681, most original settlers were English Quakers, and William Penn’s estate was at Pennsbury Manor. Other groups followed, including German Mennonites and Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, Welsh Quakers and Baptists, Scotch-Irish, Presbyterians, Hueguenots, and Irish Catholics. During the religious Great Awakening, the log college at Neshaminy educated clergymen. Settlements spread up river and along the Neshaminy Creek, into the Perkiomen Creek valley, and into Richland Township to settle around Quakertown. The need for more land purchases from the Lenni Lenape Indians led to the infamous "Walking Purchase." William Penn sought fair treatment of Indians and demanded purchase agreements before he would permit settlers to occupy former Indian land. However, Penn's sons, Thomas and Richard, took advantage of Indian trust. Indians had been satisfied to sell land measured by the distance a man could walk a day in a half at a leisurely pace. However, Thomas and Richard hired three athletes to "walk" the land. Two collasped, but the third covered sixty miles. The Indians felt cheated and the seeds for the French and Indian War had been sown.

   In 1776–1777, Washington used Newtown and Keiths as bases for his Trenton and Princeton campaigns, crossing the Delaware on Christmas at McConkey’s Ferry and in 1778 his army camped at Doylestown. This was in contrast to Quakers and Mennonites, who through tradition were non-participants. Despite a Tory base in Bucks County, the county contributed heavily to the cause for independence. The Doane gang, a group of Tory terrorists, robbed tax collectors and the Newtown treasury three days after the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781. It wasn't until 1783 when leader Moses Doane was killed by a posse, and 1788 when the rest of the gang was hanged, fled to Canada, or disappeared. Even after the Revolution, when British holdings were confiscated in the new American Commonwealth, the late Englishman William Penn would hold a permanent place of honor in Pennsylvania history. Despite having been granting land patents under British law, Penn descendants were permitted to retain ownership of their personal estates.